Rail is a critical load-bearing component in the wheel-rail system, prone to defects such as wave wear, flanging, and fish-cale pattern, which jeopardize railway safety and comfortable operation. Rail defects cause abnormal train vibrations and noise, affecting passenger travel experiences and disrupting the daily lives of nearby residents, leading to frequent complaints. Untreated defects can cause rapid deterioration in rail condition, worsening the wheel-rail relationship and compromising train safety.